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Vygotsky's notion that learning is inherently social and embedded in a particular cultural setting is consistent with


A) guided learning.
B) relativistic learning.
C) situated learning.
D) sociological learning.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Bruner's notion of teaching, in which more complex forms of learning build upon fundamental concepts taught early in the school years, is called the ________ curriculum.

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Two major characteristics of constructivist teaching are complex learning environments and ________.

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Cooperative learning involves the following:


A) Elaboration, interpretation, and argumentation
B) Shared values, lack of conflict, and creativity
C) Cognitive flexibility, competition, and self-respect
D) Extrinsic rewards, elaboration, and autonomy

E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

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Which of the following questions best represent a teachers' pedagogical dilemma of constructivism in practice?


A) Which version of constructivism is suitable as a basis for my teaching?
B) What skills and strategies are necessary for me to become a facilitator?
C) How can I accommodate the worldviews of students from diverse backgrounds while transforming my own classroom culture?
D) How can diverse problem-based experiences help students meet specific provincial and Board-level standards?

E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

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Mr. Shaikh, in order to help his students understand aspects involved in creating a household budget, gets students to provide visuals, use examples, and create appropriate metaphors for concepts used in their group project. He is encouraging his students to


A) create multiple representations of the content.
B) apply principles of a spiral curriculum.
C) adopt an intersubjective attitude.
D) take advantage of direct learning.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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When pre-service teachers engage in a student teaching or capstone experience they are learning with the support and guidance of an expert teacher, which is based on that knowledge and skills are best learned in the context in which they will be later used in the real world setting. This model of teacher preparation emphasizes ________ learning.

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Based on a Vygotskian perspective, the ideal size for a cooperative learning group is ________ students.

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Teams of four students compete to determine which team's member can amass the greatest improvement over previous achievement levels. This is a good example of


A) problem-based learning.
B) reciprocal teaching.
C) STAD.
D) jigsaw.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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What are some of the disadvantages of group learning?

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According to McCaslin and Good, some of ...

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Martha strongly believes that the world was in fact flat prior to Christopher Columbus's journal of the world. Martha's teacher does not correct Martha's construction of this knowledge because she wants to validate Martha's current understanding of the world. In this example, the teacher is most aligned with ________ constructivist teaching perspectives.

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Which of the following is NOT a part of the process associated with fostering communities of learners (FCL) ?


A) Students engage in independent and group research one aspect of the topic of class inquiry.
B) Students share their expertise with others.
C) Students focus on developing an independent deep understanding of the topic.
D) Students performance is directed towards a consequential and meaningful task.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

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Which of the following questions best represent a teachers' conceptual dilemma of constructivism in practice?


A) How do I manage a classroom in which students talk to one another rather than me?
B) How do I gain the support of administrators and parents for teaching in such a radically different way?
C) If certain ideas are considered correct by experts, should students internalize those ideas instead of constructing their own?
D) Can I trust students to accept responsibility for their own learning?

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Piaget's approach to learning is an example of what type of constructivism?


A) Both externally and internally directed
B) Externally directed
C) Internally directed
D) Logically directed

E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

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In using cooperative learning, it is recommended that teachers


A) do not assign any roles in advance.
B) assign roles only to one or two students.
C) use the assignment of roles as a way to encourage participation.
D) grade students based on how well they performed their role.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

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Which of the following is TRUE of reciprocal questioning?


A) It is a form of structured controversies.
B) It requires special materials and testing procedures for effectiveness.
C) Is only appropriate to use among students in Piaget's concrete operations stage.
D) The teacher provides question stems to start.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Which of the following would a "psychological constructivist" focus on?


A) group identity
B) individual's cognitive structures
C) appropriation
D) public knowledge

E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

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When all students are required to participate, this is referred to as ________.

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cooperativ...

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Which of the following is NOT a basic assumption of the learning sciences approach?


A) Experts have deep conceptual knowledge.
B) Learning comes from the learner.
C) Knowledge constructed in schools is the foundation of new knowledge.
D) Reflection is necessary to develop deep conceptual knowledge.

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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When applying neuroscience and brain-based education, teachers should:


A) avoid requesting neurological testing of learning disorders.
B) understand that the brain is quite fixed and unlikely to benefit from differentiated instruction.
C) recognize that there are no cultural differences in brain activity and therefore students of different cultures are likely to approach learning tasks very similarly.
D) recognize that although learners have different preferred modes of processing, the different modalities do not necessarily provide advantages for learning.

E) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

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