Question 1

One difficulty associated with naturalistic observation of animals is that researchers may anthropomorphize animal behaviors.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 2

In naturalistic observation, the observer's presence may make the measures

Accepted Answer

A)   comparative
B)   error free
C)   correlational
D)   reactiveE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 3

In naturalistic observations, one can guard against reactivity by

Accepted Answer

A)   making unobtrusive observations.
B)   giving unobtrusive instructions.
C)   making obtrusive measures.
D)   eliminating confounding variables.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Unobtrusive measures are indirect observations of behavior conducted ex post facto.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Describe a situation where naturalistic observation would be an ideal method to use. What are the positives and negatives of using this method for the situation you describe?

Accepted Answer

A situation where naturalistic observati...

Question 6

An experimenter computing the correlation between age and memory span would

Accepted Answer

A)   be able to show that old age produces a decrease in memory span.
B)   be able to determine that a third variable was involved.
C)   make an error because age and memory span are measured on different scales.
D)   be able to determine whether there is a relationship between age and memory span.E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 7

In correlational studies, a number of factors may vary together, so that the results are confounded.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 8

The validity of scientific observations can be threatened by reactivity.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Where there is a restricted range of values for one of two variables being measured

Accepted Answer

A)   the correlation coefficient will be close to +/- 1.0.
B)   the correlation coefficient may be close to zero even if the two variables are related.
C)   the correlation coefficient will be negative.
D)   the correlation coefficient will be positive.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 10

Contingency research is a relational research design in which the frequencies of all combinations of two variables are assessed to determine the relationship between the variables.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 11

In a contingency table, the number in each cell of the table is

Accepted Answer

A)   the number of categories used to classify the participants.
B)   the number of individuals in the sample who are classified in a particular category.
C)   the total number of individuals in the sample.
D)   the number of individuals who would be expected to belong to a particular category by chance.E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 12

__________ occurs when a third factor varies along with one of the variables of interest, making the interpretation of the correlation between the two main variables difficult.

Accepted Answer

A)   Confounding
B)   Correlation
C)   Confliction
D)   TruncationE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

Which of the following is not true of survey research?

Accepted Answer

A)   It eliminates the problem of reactivity.
B)   It is a form of observational research.
C)   It provides descriptive data about a population based on a random sample.
D)   It can suggest hypotheses that can be tested under more controlled conditions.E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that

Accepted Answer

A)   it allows for extensive experimental control.
B)   it is easily replicated.
C)   it is primarily descriptive.
D)   it can define a problem area and raise further questions.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 15

Using a cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure, Eron, Huesmann, Letkowitz, and Walder (1972)  found evidence which suggests that

Accepted Answer

A)   watching violent TV programs may produce later aggression.
B)   aggressive people tend to watch nonviolent TV programs.
C)   people who watch violent TV programs when they are young continue to do so all of their lives.
D)   aggressive third graders watch violent TV programs when they grow up.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 16

The correlation coefficient does not indicate

Accepted Answer

A)   the association between two variables.
B)   the direction of the relationship between two variables.
C)   the effect of one variable on another.
D)   how one factor varies with another.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 17

Confounding is a greater problem in experimental than in correlational research.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

Looking for a relationship between two variables involves the _________ technique.

Accepted Answer

A)   naturalistic
B)   authoritative
C)   a priori
D)   correlationalE) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

Question 19

Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely corresponds to the pattern of data shown in the graph below?

Accepted Answer

A)   1.00
B)   0.60
C)   -0.60
D)   0.10E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

A negative correlation occurs when the increase in the value of one variable is associated with a corresponding decrease in another variable.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 2: Research Techniques: Observation and Correlation

One difficulty associated with naturalistic observation of animals is that researchers may anthropomorphize animal behaviors.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

In naturalistic observation, the observer's presence may make the measures

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In naturalistic observations, one can guard against reactivity by

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Unobtrusive measures are indirect observations of behavior conducted ex post facto.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Describe a situation where naturalistic observation would be an ideal method to use. What are the positives and negatives of using this method for the situation you describe?

Correct AnswerAnswered by ExamLex AIA situation where naturalistic observati...View AnswerShow Answer

An experimenter computing the correlation between age and memory span would

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In correlational studies, a number of factors may vary together, so that the results are confounded.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

The validity of scientific observations can be threatened by reactivity.

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Where there is a restricted range of values for one of two variables being measured

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Contingency research is a relational research design in which the frequencies of all combinations of two variables are assessed to determine the relationship between the variables.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

In a contingency table, the number in each cell of the table is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

__________ occurs when a third factor varies along with one of the variables of interest, making the interpretation of the correlation between the two main variables difficult.

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Which of the following is not true of survey research?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Naturalistic observation is a valuable procedure in that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Using a cross-lagged-panel correlational procedure, Eron, Huesmann, Letkowitz, and Walder (1972) found evidence which suggests that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The correlation coefficient does not indicate

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Confounding is a greater problem in experimental than in correlational research.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Looking for a relationship between two variables involves the _________ technique.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following correlation coefficients most likely corresponds to the pattern of data shown in the graph below?

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A negative correlation occurs when the increase in the value of one variable is associated with a corresponding decrease in another variable.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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True

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A situation where naturalistic observati...
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True

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