Question 1

Why did many European powers overextend their budgets and flirt with bankruptcy in the sixteenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)   The cost of waging war had risen as a result of the need for larger armies and more expensive military technology.
B)   Because of marriages between rival dynasties, the cost of maintaining lavish royal courts and palaces had increased dramatically.
C)   Maintaining overseas colonies proved to be a significant drain on the royal budgets.
D)   Kings and princes failed to undertake measures to ease the shortfall, including devaluing the currency and raising taxes.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

In The Praise of Folly (1509) , Erasmus

Accepted Answer

A)   lampooned many of the un-Christian values held dear by his Christian contemporaries, such as pomposity, greed, and lust for power.
B)   attacked the papacy for its massive construction projects, such as the Basilica of St. Peter in Rome.
C)   spoke out against the foreign missionary work of groups such as the Jesuits, arguing that Europe needed their work at home.
D)   used quotations from ancient classical works to criticize contemporary views on political and religious issues.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

Why did the Spanish and Portuguese increasingly rely on dark-skinned Africans to serve as slaves in their colonies in the Atlantic and the New World by the sixteenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)   They believed that most dark-skinned Africans were Muslims and as such were long-standing enemies of Christianity.
B)   Because so many of the indigenous peoples of the New World had been worked to death or had perished from European illnesses, the Europeans needed an alternative source of cheap labor.
C)   They argued that the native Americans were lazy and unsuited to plantation labor.
D)   They found that the costs of transporting African slaves to the New World were lower than the costs of transporting European slaves across the Atlantic.E) All of the above
F) C) and D) B

Question 4

Which Italian writer wrote The Prince, a primer for those seeking to hold on to political power?

Accepted Answer

A)   Baldassare Castiglione
B)   Ludovico Ariosto
C)   Michelangelo Buonarroti
D)   Niccolò MachiavelliE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 5

On what topic did Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531)  and Martin Luther (1483-1546)  differ?

Accepted Answer

A)   The question of the Eucharist
B)   The purpose of confession
C)   The need for an ecclesiastical hierarchy
D)   Clerical celibacyE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 6

Why did the number of French Protestants increase in France until 1560?

Accepted Answer

A)   A significant number of noble French families on the upper rungs of society had converted to Protestantism.
B)   Kings Francis I and Henry II were secret Calvinists who welcomed conversions.
C)   Calvinist missionaries from England and Germany used Paris as a base from which to convert French Catholics.
D)   Divisions among Protestant reformers in Switzerland and Germany paradoxically unleashed a competition for converts in other European states.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

What October 18, 1534, act of Protestant provocation unleashed persecution by Parisian Catholics of all Protestants and religious dissidents?

Accepted Answer

A)   The Affair of the Placards
B)   The Luther Affair
C)   The Columbian Exchange
D)   The Imperial Diet of WormsE) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 8

The Münster Anabaptists believed that the end of the world was near and therefore

Accepted Answer

A)   urged their followers to eat, drink, and be merry.
B)   abolished traditional marriages and allowed men to have multiple wives.
C)   led invading armies into the Netherlands and Switzerland to defeat the followers of reformers they deemed heretical.
D)   allowed Jewish communities back into Münster to hasten the second coming.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above B

Question 9

Why did Luther escape the fate of Jan Hus, even though Luther attacked the church, called for radical reforms, and even praised Hus at the Imperial Diet of Worms?

Accepted Answer

A)   Luther was German and had protection as a subject of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V.
B)   Luther did not insist on receiving the Eucharist as both the bread and the wine.
C)   Luther enjoyed the protection of a powerful prince, Frederick the Wise, the elector of Saxony.
D)   Luther was too widely known and far too popular to be openly tried or executed.E) C) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 10

According to this map, Calvinism took a strong hold in which area?
 ​

Accepted Answer

A)   Spain
B)   Norway
C)   Scotland
D)   FranceE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

Who proposed the doctrine known as predestination, and what is the belief represented by this term?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi...

Question 12

Which breakthrough helped make possible the European voyages of discovery in the fifteenth century?

Accepted Answer

A)   The discovery that the world was round and not flat
B)   The use of the caravel, a small three-masted ship
C)   The invention of iron-plated ships that allowed European fleets to defeat their enemies
D)   The use of the armada technique, in which many ships would sail simultaneouslyE) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 13

In the sixteenth century, attitudes toward marriage within the church changed, and Protestant reformers denounced

Accepted Answer

A)   the idealized patriarchal family.
B)   the end of clerical celibacy.
C)   sexual immorality.
D)   the government's regulation of marriage.E) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 14

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg forced Emperor Charles V to recognize the Lutheran church in the Holy Roman Empire

Accepted Answer

A)   but retained Bavaria and Swabia as exclusively Catholic domains under Charles V's direct control.
B)   and gave princes the sole right to determine the religion practiced in their lands.
C)   and legalized other dissenting sects, such as the Anabaptists and the Mennonites.
D)   but reasserted the inviolability of property owned by the Catholic church.E) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Who was Desiderius Erasmus, and what ideas did he put forward in The Praise of Folly (1509)?

Accepted Answer

Answer would ideally include the followi...

Question 16

The Protestant reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin shared a belief in the importance of education and

Accepted Answer

A)   the equality of men and women.
B)   the sanctity of individual rights.
C)   a willingness to use violence to enforce their beliefs.
D)   a passion for classical philosophy and literature.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C) C

Question 17

Which forces were represented in the Schmalkaldic League, which was defeated by Emperor Charles V?

Accepted Answer

A)   France, England, and Scotland
B)   The German Protestant princes and most of the imperial cities
C)   The most prominent Italian city-states, the pope, and France
D)   Hungarian princes allied with the Turkish sultanE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 18

Who founded the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   Francis Xavier
B)   Pope Paul III
C)   Ignatius of Loyola
D)   Emperor Charles VE) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Question 19

The Evangelicals who supported Luther's call for reform in the church included

Accepted Answer

A)   heretics who had been pushed to the fringes of society.
B)   social groups most ready to challenge clerical authority-merchants, artisans, and literate urban laypeople.
C)   those in the upper echelons of the church.
D)   the priest Johann Tetzel.E) A) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 20

How did Luther fundamentally change medieval church practices toward the scriptures?

Accepted Answer

A)   He cut back the number of the sacraments, which had included the reading of the scripture during the mass.
B)   He ordered every one of his followers to read the Bible at home and at family gatherings.
C)   He produced a German translation of the Old and New Testaments that allowed the laity to read scripture for itself.
D)   He urged that all Christians learn Hebrew and Greek, allowing the laity to encounter the scripture for the first time.E) A) and C)
F) B) and D)

Exam 14: Global Encounters and the Shock of the Reformation, 1492-1560

Why did many European powers overextend their budgets and flirt with bankruptcy in the sixteenth century?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In The Praise of Folly (1509) , Erasmus

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why did the Spanish and Portuguese increasingly rely on dark-skinned Africans to serve as slaves in their colonies in the Atlantic and the New World by the sixteenth century?

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Which Italian writer wrote The Prince, a primer for those seeking to hold on to political power?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

On what topic did Huldrych Zwingli (1484-1531) and Martin Luther (1483-1546) differ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why did the number of French Protestants increase in France until 1560?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What October 18, 1534, act of Protestant provocation unleashed persecution by Parisian Catholics of all Protestants and religious dissidents?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Münster Anabaptists believed that the end of the world was near and therefore

Correct AnswerverifiedB

Why did Luther escape the fate of Jan Hus, even though Luther attacked the church, called for radical reforms, and even praised Hus at the Imperial Diet of Worms?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

According to this map, Calvinism took a strong hold in which area? ​

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Who proposed the doctrine known as predestination, and what is the belief represented by this term?

Correct AnswerverifiedAnswer would ideally include the followi...View AnswerShow Answer

Which breakthrough helped make possible the European voyages of discovery in the fifteenth century?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the sixteenth century, attitudes toward marriage within the church changed, and Protestant reformers denounced

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg forced Emperor Charles V to recognize the Lutheran church in the Holy Roman Empire

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Who was Desiderius Erasmus, and what ideas did he put forward in The Praise of Folly (1509)?

Correct AnswerverifiedAnswer would ideally include the followi...View AnswerShow Answer

The Protestant reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin shared a belief in the importance of education and

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Which forces were represented in the Schmalkaldic League, which was defeated by Emperor Charles V?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Who founded the Society of Jesus (the Jesuits) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The Evangelicals who supported Luther's call for reform in the church included

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

How did Luther fundamentally change medieval church practices toward the scriptures?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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B

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B

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According to this map, Calvinism took a strong hold in which area?

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Answer would ideally include the followi...
View Answer

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Answer would ideally include the followi...
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C

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