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Discuss the rationale behind the twin-study method and adoption studies of genetic influence. Give the general findings regarding the contribution of genetic influences on personality. Discuss any problems associated with each of these methods of research.

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A researcher reports that men in this country tend to marry younger women and women tend to marry older men. This finding might be used to support which theory?


A) Eysenck's theory of personality
B) The five-factor model
C) The goodness of fit model
D) Evolutionary personality theory

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Research on genetic determinants of personality tell us that


A) personality is fixed at birth.
B) most, but not all, of adult personality is determined by genetics.
C) a significant percentage of adult personality is determined by genetics, but experience also plays a large role.
D) except for a few traits, there is very little genetic influence on personality.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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Discuss the difference in preference for arousal between extraverts and introverts. Give two ways in which sensitivity to stimulation translates into behavior. What research evidence has been offered for the heritability of the extraversion?

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Extraverts and introverts have different...

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Extraversion has one of the strongest genetic components of any personality variable.

A) True
B) False

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Cross-cultural studies find similar patterns of what men and women look for in their spouses across many different cultures. These findings support evolutionary personality theory because they suggest that mate preferences do not merely reflect differences in


A) social learning patterns.
B) the genetic makeup of different cultures.
C) inherited human characteristics.
D) economic opportunities in different cultures.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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The twin-study method is used by researchers to get around which methodological problem?


A) Biased samples
B) A confound between genetic and environmental influences
C) Questions about generalizability
D) Validity of measures

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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The "lipstick effect" refers to


A) the application of more lipstick at different times during the ovulatory cycle.
B) how cosmetic marketing often heightens insecurity about one's appearance.
C) the tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during bad economic times.
D) men who pay more attention to superficial beauty.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

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Critics have pointed to several weaknesses in the research used to make a case for the role of genetics on personality development. Their criticisms include each of the following points except one. Which one?


A) Dizygotic twins may share an environment more alike than the environment shared by monozygotic twins.
B) Families who adopt children are different from those who do not adopt.
C) Parents may treat adopted children differently than they treat biological children.
D) Parents of dizygotic twins may look for and emphasize the differences between the twins more than parents of monozygotic twins.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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A researcher using the twin-study method finds an average correlation of .50 between monozygotic twins' scores on a measure of self?esteem. The researcher finds an average correlation of .30 between dizygotic twins' scores on this measure. The difference between the size of the correlations is statistically significant. What conclusion might the researcher draw from these results?


A) Genetics has more of an influence on self-esteem than environment has.
B) There is evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
C) There is no evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem.
D) The results are opposite of what would be expected if there were a genetic influence on self-esteem.

E) C) and D)
F) None of the above

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In one study introverts found themselves ________ mood when the experimenter instructed them to act more extraverted.


A) in the same
B) in a better
C) in a sour
D) more sad in

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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Although it is difficult to determine precisely how much of personality is determined by genetics, the results of twin studies suggest that genetics probably accounts for about _______ percent of the variance of adult personality.


A) 85
B) 60
C) 40
D) 5

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

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A psychologist conducts research using the twin-study method. He administers a need for Achievement scale to sets of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and finds a correlation of .50 between the scores for pairs of monozygotic twins. If this study is to demonstrate evidence for a genetic influence on need for Achievement, what would we expect the correlation to be between scores for pairs of dizygotic twins?


A) Higher than .50
B) Lower than .50
C) Very close to .50
D) There is no way to demonstrate a genetic influence with these data.

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Research on the genetic heritability of extraversion-introversion has made use of


A) brain electrical activity measures.
B) the twin-study method.
C) differences in sensitivity to stimulation.
D) only twins that have been reared together (in the same environment) .

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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Research has found that extraverts are not always happier than introverts. Why not?


A) Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive.
B) Extraverts are more likely to be socially active.
C) Introverts do not involve themselves in activities that increase feelings of competence and worth.
D) Extraverts are more sensitive to positive feedback.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Each person born an introvert will develop a lower sensitivity to stimulation than those born extraverts.

A) True
B) False

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Which of the following is true about parental investment?


A) Males are more selective about with whom they choose to mate than females.
B) Males of many species are free to mate with as many females as they can.
C) Investment in selecting a mate is larger for males than for females.
D) Males select mates who are more likely to be good parents.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Which assumption is made by researchers using the twin-study method?


A) Dizygotic twins share an environment that is more similar than the environment shared by monozygotic twins.
B) Monozygotic twins share an environment that is more similar than the environment shared by dizygotic twins.
C) Dizygotic twins share an environment that is just as similar as the environment shared by monozygotic twins.
D) Monozygotic twins will be treated more alike than dizygotic twins.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and D)

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One problem with adoption studies is that the homes in which twins are placed


A) are so very different that comparisons cannot be made.
B) are often very similar because adoptive families are similar in important ways.
C) are highly specialized for adoptive parenting.
D) allow the same genetic influences to emerge.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Suppose you design a personality study in which you plan to use the twin-study method. You are probably conducting research to examine the


A) influence of siblings on personality.
B) stability of temperament over time.
C) influence of genetics on personality.
D) effects of birth order on personality.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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