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In Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy, a(n) _____ is a superhuman or free-spirited person who is able to rise above the herd morality of the crowds and exercise his or her will to power.


A) junzi
B) Übermensch
C) bodhi
D) ascetic

E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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According to Aristotle, the natural and proper function of a virtuous person is:


A) to develop empathy for all living beings.
B) to discern God's natural law.
C) to reason well.
D) to develop high self-esteem.

E) None of the above
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Identify the person who said each of the following. -"The caring for self, for the ethical self, can emerge only from a caring for others."


A) Immanuel Kant
B) Ayn Rand
C) John Locke
D) Nel Noddings

E) A) and D)
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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Identify the person who said each of the following. -"Virtue, then being of two kinds, intellectual and moral, intellectual virtue in the main owes both its birth and its growth to teaching ... while moral virtue comes about as a result of habit…."


A) John Rawls
B) Aristotle
C) Immanuel Kant
D) Ayn Rand

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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According to Aristotle, being virtuous is important for the achievement of eudaemonia. Which of the following people best exemplifies what Aristotle meant by eudaemonia?


A) Three-year-old Stacy, who is a sweet and happy child
B) Abdul, Stacy's father, a content and thoughtful man who always strives to be true to himself
C) Marianna, Stacy's mother, who always puts the needs and happiness of others before her own
D) Gyges, Stacy's nineteen-year-old brother, who finds a ring that makes him invisible, which he uses to steal candy from supermarkets

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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David Thoreau wrote, "The morally excellent, then, are constantly striving to discover and pursue the right. This is their whole duty, for, in the inquiry about what is right, reason alone can decide, and her [reason's] dictates are even identical with the dictates of duty." Which of the following philosophers is most likely to agree with Thoreau?


A) David Hume
B) Nel Noddings
C) Aristotle
D) A. J. Ayer

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following is the best example of someone following the doctrine of the mean?


A) Ishmael is self-confident and proud of his accomplishments without being vain.
B) Maria uses both the affective and the cognitive sides of her conscience.
C) Chong believes in wisdom in moderation because there are times when ignorance is bliss.
D) Rashmi always says what she means and means what she says.

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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You and your visually-impaired mother, whom you love dearly, are attending a lecture by a scientist who is conducting groundbreaking research on a vaccine for AIDS when a fire breaks out in the lecture hall. A beam falls, trapping your mother, her seeing eye dog, and the scientist. You have time to save only one of them. A care ethicist would most likely advise you to:


A) save the scientist; she is more likely to benefit society through her research.
B) save your mother; your relationship with her creates a special obligation to her.
C) save the dog; to give preferential treatment to humans in this case is speciesist.
D) apply the doctrine of the mean and take each of them partway out of the building.

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Identify the person who said each of the following. -"Perfect is the virtue that accords with the Constant Mean."


A) Confucius
B) Nel Noddings
C) David Hume
D) Jeremy Bentham

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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A

The principle of reciprocity, a moral doctrine in Confucian ethics, states that:


A) people must unquestioningly follow the morals prescribed by their religion.
B) moral rights stem from human nature, which is a special creation of God.
C) people have a moral duty to treat others as we would wish to be treated ourselves.
D) virtue is not something that can be taught or achieved through practice and instead is inherent to human nature.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Unlike other Western philosophers, David Hume and Nel Noddings believed that _____ is one of the most important virtues.


A) sympathy
B) reason
C) duty
D) loyalty

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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A virtuous person is one who:


A) puts the needs of others before his or her own.
B) brings about the greatest happiness for people, whether intentionally or unintentionally.
C) puts his or her own interests and happiness before that of others.
D) has a predisposition to act in ways that benefit oneself and others.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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Virtue ethicists are concerned primarily with:


A) doing their duty.
B) the improvement of their character.
C) maximizing happiness for the greatest number.
D) respecting people's natural rights.

E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Correct Answer

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What, according to Friedrich Nietzsche, is the source of all virtue?


A) faith in God
B) jen or compassion
C) peacefulness and cooperation
D) the will to power

E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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Feminist care ethicists such as Nel Noddings:


A) emphasize the virtue of caring in a relationship over abstract moral principles.
B) regard self-sacrifice as the highest virtue in women.
C) claim that people are at their best when they are exercising their reason.
D) think that all men are cads who are incapable of being in caring relationships.

E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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A

According to the doctrine of the mean, as put forth by Confucius and Aristotle, _____.


A) you should say what you mean and mean what you say
B) virtue always entails seeking the middle road between two vices
C) meanness is the greatest vice and compassion or empathy, the greatest virtue
D) virtue in most cases entails seeking the mean between deficit and excess

E) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following professions would a Buddhist career counselor be most likely to advise you to avoid?


A) philosophy professor
B) homemaker
C) cattle rancher
D) politician

E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Correct Answer

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C

Which of the following analogies best fits Aristotle's, Confucius's, and Kant's vision of virtue?


A) a rich man who donates a million dollars to charity in order to get a tax deduction
B) a smorgasbord of tasty desserts
C) a tree that bears good fruit
D) a gangster who is always loyal to the members of his gang

E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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In the context of virtue ethics, Aristotle used the term _____ to refer to an individual's sense of happiness or psychological well-being that arises from the fulfillment of his or her function as a human.


A) "anhedonia"
B) "catharsis"
C) "eudaemonia"
D) "mimesis"

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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