Question 1

With respect to psychological measurement, when measures yield data that are consistent or dependable they are referred to as ________, whereas the term ________ means that measures accurately reflects the variable or quality that they are intended to measure.

Accepted Answer

A)   valid; reliable
B)   reliable; valid
C)   consistent; reliable
D)   reliable or valid; consistentE) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 2

Imagine a situation in which a researcher is hired by a pharmaceutical company to test a new cancer drug. The researcher finds the drug to be effective, but other scientists cannot replicate the original findings. One possible explanation for the original results that should be considered is

Accepted Answer

A)   debriefing.
B)   determinism.
C)   observer bias.
D)   public verifiability.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 3

To become a more sophisticated and critical thinker one should

Accepted Answer

A)   remember that correlation is the same as causation.
B)   accept obvious explanations rather than seeking alternatives.
C)   avoid being concerned with operational definitions of concepts.
D)   consider first how to disprove a theory before seeking confirming evidence.E) None of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 4

Since we normally cannot have access to the full population of interest, researchers are faced with taking a representative sample of the population. Which of the following is NOT true of a representative sample?

Accepted Answer

A)   One can only generalize from the sample to the population it adequately represents.
B)   The representative sample has to closely match the overall characteristics of the population of interest.
C)   A representative sample must include members of different racial groups, even when the target population is of one race.
D)   A representative sample is a way by which one can generalize to the population of interest without having access to the full population.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 5

The concept of reliability applies not only to tests but also to experiments. Therefore, if the results of an experiment are reliable, this means that

Accepted Answer

A)   the experiment measured what it was intended to measure.
B)   it has been certified as valid by the scientific community.
C)   if the experiment is repeated, you will get the same results.
D)   the results of the experiment can be generalized to other situations.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 6

The ethical guidelines that all psychological researchers must follow include all of the following EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)   all records of subject behavior must be kept confidential.
B)   experimenters must explain the reasons for any deceptions.
C)   humans must be paid for their research participation.
D)   participants have the right to withdraw their data if they feel they have been misused or their rights abused.E) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 7

You are about to take your first test in an introductory psychology class. Much to your surprise, the instructor hands you a test that contains ten analytical geometry problems. You would probably be able to argue that the test is not

Accepted Answer

A)   valid.
B)   reliable.
C)   accurate.
D)   reliable or valid.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 8

Which statement best captures the basic idea underlying the experimental method?

Accepted Answer

A)   Sample participants carefully observe their behavior and report the results.
B)   One should describe and measure behavior under a wide variety of uncontrolled conditions.
C)   It is important to manipulate an independent variable to look for an effect on a dependent variable.
D)   A researcher manipulates a dependent variable to look for an effect on an independent variable.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D) C

Question 9

Are researchers obligated to respect the basic rights of research participants? If so, how is this ensured?

Accepted Answer

A)   Yes, special committees oversee every research proposal.
B)   Yes, researchers are on their honor to do ethical research.
C)   Yes, the legal system and courts hold hearings on all research proposals.
D)   No, as scientists, researchers are not obligated to show concern for the rights of participants.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above A

Question 10

According to the ethical guidelines proposed by the American Psychological Association, if deception is used in research it must be explained to the participants by the conclusion of the research and the participants must have the opportunity to withdraw their data.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 11

When carrying out an experiment, the factor that the researcher manipulates is known as the ________ variable; the researcher measures the ________ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)   dependent; dependent
B)   dependent; independent
C)   independent; dependent
D)   independent; independentE) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

After you present your excuse for missing class, your instructor tells you that she has found that the more classes students miss, the lower their test grades tend to be. This relationship illustrates a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   expectancy effect.
B)   positive correlation.
C)   negative correlation.
D)   correlation coefficient.E) B) and C)
F) All of the above

Question 13

When research is potentially upsetting for participants, the American Psychological Association guidelines require that risks must be minimized, participants must be informed of the risks, and suitable precautions must be taken to deal with strong reactions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Research designs often include a control condition

Accepted Answer

A)   to increase the number of participants in the experiment.
B)   to serve as a baseline against which the experimental effect is evaluated.
C)   to function as a backup to the experimental condition if something goes wrong.
D)   so that if some participants refuse to continue, they can be replaced by members of the control group.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 15

Imagine that you have been hired to assist in an experiment investigating the verbal abilities of boys and girls. In preparing for the experiment, you read a research study that found higher verbal abilities in girls than boys. If this information about gender leads you somehow to communicate to the girls in the experiment that they should do better than the boys, we say that the ________ effect is operating.

Accepted Answer

A)   placebo
B)   expectancy
C)   double-blind
D)   between-subjectsE) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 16

A professor is trying to determine whether the number of questions students ask in class is related to their class performance. She keeps track of the number of questions students ask and then compares this to performance on their next test. Technically, the number of questions would be classified as the ________ of behavior, and the test performance as the ________ of behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)   product; process
B)   process; product
C)   process; process
D)   product; productE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 17

Suppose you wanted to test the hypothesis that viewing pornographic material increases aggressive behavior. The dependent variable would be

Accepted Answer

A)   aggressive behavior.
B)   the age of the participants.
C)   viewing pornographic material.
D)   whether men or women served as participants.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

Researchers who use self-report measures need to be aware of the limits to the usefulness of such measures. Typically cited concerns include all of the following EXCEPT that

Accepted Answer

A)   participants may misunderstand the questions.
B)   people may not be completely honest in their responses.
C)   respondents may be unaware of the questionnaire's or interview's purpose.
D)   people may give misleading answers in order to create a favorable impression of themselves.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 19

Random assignment of participants to the experimental and control groups increases the likelihood that

Accepted Answer

A)   the two groups will be similar.
B)   the two groups will be different.
C)   the independent variable will not have a strong effect.
D)   if outcome differences are found, we can be confident they were caused by preexisting differences.E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 20

A classmate informs you that, while conducting a naturalistic observation study of children's play behavior, she had to ask the children to limit their play activity to only one area in the playground in order to make more accurate observations. Being familiar with observational methods, you should tell her that her study did not involve naturalistic observation because

Accepted Answer

A)   her study took place in a public setting.
B)   the play behavior was not naturally occurring.
C)   only one observation was made of the children's play behavior.
D)   naturalistic observational studies cannot be conducted with humans.E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

Exam 2: Research Methods in Psychology

With respect to psychological measurement, when measures yield data that are consistent or dependable they are referred to as , whereas the term means that measures accurately reflects the variable or quality that they are intended to measure.

Correct Answer
verified

Imagine a situation in which a researcher is hired by a pharmaceutical company to test a new cancer drug. The researcher finds the drug to be effective, but other scientists cannot replicate the original findings. One possible explanation for the original results that should be considered is

Correct Answer
verified

To become a more sophisticated and critical thinker one should

Correct Answer
verified

Since we normally cannot have access to the full population of interest, researchers are faced with taking a representative sample of the population. Which of the following is NOT true of a representative sample?

Correct Answer
verified

The concept of reliability applies not only to tests but also to experiments. Therefore, if the results of an experiment are reliable, this means that

Correct Answer
verified

The ethical guidelines that all psychological researchers must follow include all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct Answer
verified

You are about to take your first test in an introductory psychology class. Much to your surprise, the instructor hands you a test that contains ten analytical geometry problems. You would probably be able to argue that the test is not

Correct Answer
verified

Which statement best captures the basic idea underlying the experimental method?

Correct Answer
verified
C

Are researchers obligated to respect the basic rights of research participants? If so, how is this ensured?

Correct Answer
verified
A

According to the ethical guidelines proposed by the American Psychological Association, if deception is used in research it must be explained to the participants by the conclusion of the research and the participants must have the opportunity to withdraw their data.

Correct Answer
verified
True

When carrying out an experiment, the factor that the researcher manipulates is known as the variable; the researcher measures the variable.

Correct Answer
verified

After you present your excuse for missing class, your instructor tells you that she has found that the more classes students miss, the lower their test grades tend to be. This relationship illustrates a(n)

Correct Answer
verified

When research is potentially upsetting for participants, the American Psychological Association guidelines require that risks must be minimized, participants must be informed of the risks, and suitable precautions must be taken to deal with strong reactions.

Correct Answer
verified

Research designs often include a control condition

Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Correct Answer
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Suppose you wanted to test the hypothesis that viewing pornographic material increases aggressive behavior. The dependent variable would be

Correct Answer
verified

Researchers who use self-report measures need to be aware of the limits to the usefulness of such measures. Typically cited concerns include all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct Answer
verified

Random assignment of participants to the experimental and control groups increases the likelihood that

Correct Answer
verified

Correct Answer
verified

Exam 2: Research Methods in Psychology

With respect to psychological measurement, when measures yield data that are consistent or dependable they are referred to as ________, whereas the term ________ means that measures accurately reflects the variable or quality that they are intended to measure.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Imagine a situation in which a researcher is hired by a pharmaceutical company to test a new cancer drug. The researcher finds the drug to be effective, but other scientists cannot replicate the original findings. One possible explanation for the original results that should be considered is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To become a more sophisticated and critical thinker one should

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Since we normally cannot have access to the full population of interest, researchers are faced with taking a representative sample of the population. Which of the following is NOT true of a representative sample?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The concept of reliability applies not only to tests but also to experiments. Therefore, if the results of an experiment are reliable, this means that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The ethical guidelines that all psychological researchers must follow include all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

You are about to take your first test in an introductory psychology class. Much to your surprise, the instructor hands you a test that contains ten analytical geometry problems. You would probably be able to argue that the test is not

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement best captures the basic idea underlying the experimental method?

Correct AnswerverifiedC

Are researchers obligated to respect the basic rights of research participants? If so, how is this ensured?

Correct AnswerverifiedA

According to the ethical guidelines proposed by the American Psychological Association, if deception is used in research it must be explained to the participants by the conclusion of the research and the participants must have the opportunity to withdraw their data.

Correct AnswerverifiedTrue

When carrying out an experiment, the factor that the researcher manipulates is known as the ________ variable; the researcher measures the ________ variable.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

After you present your excuse for missing class, your instructor tells you that she has found that the more classes students miss, the lower their test grades tend to be. This relationship illustrates a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When research is potentially upsetting for participants, the American Psychological Association guidelines require that risks must be minimized, participants must be informed of the risks, and suitable precautions must be taken to deal with strong reactions.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Research designs often include a control condition

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Suppose you wanted to test the hypothesis that viewing pornographic material increases aggressive behavior. The dependent variable would be

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Researchers who use self-report measures need to be aware of the limits to the usefulness of such measures. Typically cited concerns include all of the following EXCEPT that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Random assignment of participants to the experimental and control groups increases the likelihood that

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

With respect to psychological measurement, when measures yield data that are consistent or dependable they are referred to as , whereas the term means that measures accurately reflects the variable or quality that they are intended to measure.

Correct Answer
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C

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A

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True

When carrying out an experiment, the factor that the researcher manipulates is known as the variable; the researcher measures the variable.

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