A) The pervasiveness of immoral and amoral businesspeople
B) Overzealous pursuit of personal gain,wealth,and other selfish interests
C) A company culture that puts the profitability and good business performance ahead of ethical behavior
D) Heavy pressures on company managers to meet or beat earnings targets
E) Executive compensation independent of company performance
G) D) and E)
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A) lack of self-dealing and short termism on the part of top executives of a company.
B) heavy pressures on company managers to meet or beat performance targets,and overzealous pursuit of personal gain.
C) widespread managerial belief in the ethical relativism school of thinking.
D) widespread managerial belief in the ethical universalism school of thinking.
E) adherence to a cosmetic code of ethics stemming from a desire to avoid the risk of embarrassment.
G) A) and C)
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Socially responsible actions and sustain...View Answer
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A) An unethical strategy reflects badly on the character of the company personnel involved.
B) A strategy that is unethical in whole or in part is morally wrong.
C) Pursuing an unethical strategy damages a company's reputation and can have costly consequences.
D) An ethical strategy is good business and is in the best interest of shareholders.
E) An ethical strategy results in higher employee turnover.
G) C) and D)
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According to integrated social contracts theory,universal ethical principles based on the collective views of multiple societies form a "social contract" that all individuals and organizations have a duty to observe in all situations.Within the boundaries of this social contract,local cultures or groups can specify what additional actions may or may not be ethically permissible.
In the debate about ethical standards integrative social contracts theory provides a middle position between the opposing views of ethical universalism and ethical relativism.It believes that the ethical standards a company should try to uphold are governed by both (1)a limited number of universal ethical principles that are widely recognized as putting legitimate ethical boundaries on behaviors in all situations and (2)the circumstances of local cultures,traditions,and values that further prescribe what constitutes ethically permissible behavior.
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A) costs attached to adverse effects on employee productivity.
B) costs of remedial education and ethics training to company personnel.
C) costs incurred in taking corrective actions.
D) administrative costs associated with future compliance.
E) legal and investigative costs.
G) C) and D)
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Apart from the "business of business is ...View Answer
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A) Actions to benefit shareholders such as raising the dividend or boosting the stock price
B) Making charitable contributions and supporting community service endeavors and reaching out to make a difference in the lives of the disadvantaged
C) Actions to ensure the company has an ethical strategy and operates honorably and ethically
D) Actions that promote good stewardardship (by protecting and enhancing) the environment
E) Actions to enhance workforce diversity
G) A) and E)
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A
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A) base their standards of what is ethical and what is unethical in the company's home market.
B) may quickly find themselves on a slippery slope with no higher order moral compass if they operate in countries where ethical standards vary considerably from country to country.
C) have no fair way to judge the ethical correctness of the conduct of company personnel.
D) have a one-size-fits-all set of ethical standards.
E) end up allowing each company employee to determine what set of ethical standards to observe.
G) A) and B)
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A) is based on the principle of treating people fairly and with respect.
B) is based on the conviction that improving the well-being of society ranks higher in priority and is certainly nobler than making a profit and serving the interests of shareholders.
C) boils down to "it's the right thing to do."
D) rests on the principle that a business is duty bound to fulfill its social contract to serve the interests of all stakeholders in a business enterprise.
E) is based on the principle that business activities lack real legitimacy and have few socially redeeming qualities unless and until a company exerts a significant and sincere effort to give something back to the community.
G) D) and E)
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A) It promotes greater transparency and facilitates benchmarking CSR efforts across firms and industries.
B) It promotes and establishes mutual funds investment opportunities comprised of companies that excel on the basis of the triple bottom line.
C) It promotes greater awareness of the Dow Jones World Index,which comprises companies that are engaged in environment sustainability.
D) It promotes corporate governance,climate change,and labor practices.
E) It is a nonprofit reporting organization that ranks companies on habitat protection.
G) A) and B)
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A) Only visible and internal administrative costs
B) Visible but not intangible costs
C) Visible and intangible costs
D) Internal administrative costs but not visible costs
E) Internal administrative costs but not intangible costs
G) B) and E)
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A) whether the proposed action is fully compliant and in harmony with the code of ethical conduct and whether stakeholders would consider anything ethically objectionable.
B) whether the code of conduct is rejected by the market and accepted by employees.
C) whether the code of conduct was accepted by rivals.
D) whether the creation of the code of conduct should be handled by executives or employees.
E) whether to eliminate the need to execute a code of conduct at all.
G) A) and C)
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A) likely to be fully effective in creating a competitive advantage.
B) normally based on a corporate social agenda.
C) ambiguous and rarely make a difference in the way the company does business.
D) implausible to advance a positive,high-energy workplace environment.
E) heavily dependent on encouraging employee morality.
G) B) and E)
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Ethical universalism holds that the most...View Answer
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A) many basic moral standards travel well across cultures and countries and really do not vary significantly according to local cultural beliefs,social mores,religious convictions,and/or the circumstances of the situation.
B) since ethical standards are subjectively determined,each company has a window within which it can define and implement its own ethical principles of right and wrong.
C) what is deemed right or wrong,fair or unfair,moral or immoral,ethical or unethical in business situations should be judged in light of local customs and social mores and can legitimately vary from one culture or nation to another.
D) each country should have some degree of latitude in setting its own ethical standards for judging the ethical correctness of business actions/behaviors within its borders.
E) concepts of right and wrong as they apply to business behavior are purely based on an individual's understanding of ethics and differ from person to person.
G) C) and E)
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A) defines what is meant by ethical relativism.
B) defines what is meant by ethical universalism.
C) is the foundation of a social contract.
D) is the basis for the theory of ethical variation.
E) is the guiding principle for religious and moral standards across countries and cultures.
G) A) and C)
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A) Decreasing spending on research and development
B) Avoiding stock repurchases made to increase earnings-per-share of a company
C) Maintaining and hiring critical employees with compensations tied to annual company earnings
D) Taking into consideration all tangible future cash flows over intangible brand value appreciation
E) Carrying business operations with existing technologies in all markets to cut costs and increase profits
G) B) and E)
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A) should balance strategic actions to benefit shareholders against the duty to be a good corporate citizen.
B) undertake actions that add value to shareholders.
C) respect societal expectations that shareholders should be rewarded for providing risk capital.
D) should work toward shareholders' expectations of maximum return.
E) should provide jobs to the local community rather than outsourcing them.
G) B) and E)
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A) conceal their initiatives and accomplishments in the areas of diversity,environment,community,and ethics to increase profitability.
B) make the results of their CSR strategies apparent to stakeholders and for stakeholders to hold companies accountable for their impact on society.
C) minimize transparency and facilitate benchmarking CSR efforts across firms and industries.
D) minimize the use of standard reporting frameworks and metrics.
E) attract profit-oriented investors.
G) B) and C)
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B
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