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Robert's mother pours a cup of milk for him and then realizes that the cup has a small crack in the rim. Not wanting her son to cut his lip, she pours the milk into another cup. The second cup happens to be shorter and wider than the first cup. Robert is not upset because he knows that the amount of milk has remained the same. Robert is at LEAST _____ years old.


A) 3
B) 5
C) 7
D) 9

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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The overlapping-waves theory is a perspective on the development of:


A) content knowledge.
B) problem solving.
C) planning.
D) memory strategies.

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Children's general knowledge about vehicles is an example of information stored in _____ memory.


A) working
B) long-term
C) sensory
D) short-term

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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Dr. Brown conducts a study in which participants are presented with the pendulum problem described in the text and are asked to determine which factor or factors influence the amount of time it takes the pendulum to swing through a complete arc: the length of the string, the heaviness of the weight, the height from which the weight is dropped, or some combination of these factors. Which comparison is MOST likely to be made by an individual in Piaget's formal operational stage?


A) heavy weight on short string versus light weight on long string, both dropped from the same height
B) heavy weight on long string versus light weight on short string, both dropped from the same height
C) light weight on short string dropped from high position versus light weight on short string dropped from lower position
D) light weight on long string dropped from high position versus light weight on short string dropped from lower position

E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

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Which aspect(s) of working memory changes with age from childhood to adolescence?


A) speed and structure of subsystems
B) capacity
C) speed and capacity
D) speed, capacity, and structure of subsystems

E) All of the above
F) A) and B)

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Which theory focuses on the theme of the active child?


A) information-processing
B) sociocultural
C) dynamic-systems
D) all of these theories

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Which statement about content knowledge is NOT true?


A) Content knowledge improves recall of new material.
B) Content knowledge increases with age.
C) Content knowledge generally interferes with learning.
D) When children have more content knowledge than do adults, children remember new information better than do adults.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Which statement about intersubjectivity is true?


A) The skills involved in intersubjectivity do not emerge until the second year of life.
B) Scaffolding is an example of intersubjectivity.
C) Sociocultural theorists believe that intersubjectivity is the foundation of cognitive development.
D) All of these statements are true.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

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According to Piaget, which behaviour develops first?


A) deferred imitation
B) resolution of the A-not-B error
C) mental representation of objects not currently being perceived
D) infant "scientific experiments"

E) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

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According to dynamic-systems theories, development is:


A) a process of organizing and integrating.
B) determined by evolution.
C) characterized as a steady progression.
D) all of these.

E) C) and D)
F) All of the above

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Myelin acts as a(n) :


A) insulator.
B) storage area.
C) automatic encoder.
D) speed controller.

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

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Egocentrism is characteristic of Piaget's _____ stage.


A) formal operational
B) sensorimotor
C) preoperational
D) concrete operational

E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

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Which statement about information is true?


A) Information that is not encoded is not remembered later.
B) Information that is not remembered was not encoded.
C) Information that is not associated is not generalized later.
D) Information that is not generalized was not associated.

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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Six-month-old Liliana has been exclusively breast-fed since birth and thus has never had milk from a bottle. The first time Liliana is offered a bottle, she tries to suck on it the way she is used to sucking. However, her sucking behaviour is not successful with the bottle. She thus has to adapt her sucking in order to get sufficient milk from the bottle. Liliana's new understanding of how to suck on the bottle is an indication that she has engaged in the process of:


A) organization.
B) calibration.
C) accommodation.
D) assimilation.

E) A) and C)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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In which of these situations would Michael Tomasello be most interested?


A) an older sibling teaching a younger sibling the truth about the Tooth Fairy
B) the increased mathematical reasoning skills of an older child in comparison to a younger child
C) young infants' inability to retrieve hidden objects
D) the increased memory skills of an older child in comparison to a younger child

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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The simplest and most frequently used mental activities are referred to as:


A) strategies.
B) core processes.
C) basic processes.
D) executive functions

E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

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Working memory is limited in:


A) both the length of time it can retain information and in its capacity.
B) neither the length of time it can retain information nor in its capacity.
C) the length of time it can retain information but not in its capacity.
D) its capacity but not in the length of time it can retain information.

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

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Arden is sitting in a tree and has a perfect view of his twin brother, George, digging a hole and burying a treasure. A few weeks later, the boys want to dig up the buried treasure, but leaves are covering the area, making it impossible to see the loosened dirt where George dug the hole. According to the dynamic-systems perspective, which brother is more likely to remember where the treasure is?


A) A prediction cannot be made, as memory is not a focus of the dynamic-systems perspective.
B) Arden would be more likely to remember the location.
C) George would be more likely to remember the location.
D) The brothers would have an equal chance of remembering the location.

E) B) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Kevin and his mother are playing with a squeaky toy. Kevin's mother squeezes the toy in front of him and then hides it under a blanket. Kevin has fun finding the toy under the blanket and then giving it back to his mother. After several rounds of this game, Kevin's mother hides the toy behind a pillow instead of under the blanket. Rather than looking behind the pillow, however, Kevin lifts the blanket to look for the toy. What age is Kevin MOST likely to be?


A) 7 months
B) 9 months
C) 11 months
D) 13 months

E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Correct Answer

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In their perspective on the extent to which the child is an active participant in his or her own development, dynamic-systems theories are most similar to:


A) Piagetian theory.
B) sociocultural theories.
C) information-processing theories.
D) none of these.

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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