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A bacterium inherits a mutation that renders its topoisomerase enzyme nonfunctional. What phenotype would you expect to see in this bacterium?


A) The cell would accumulate broken DNA because overwinding cannot be corrected, so the cell would be unable to replicate and would die.
B) The cell would accumulate supercoiled DNA, but otherwise it would be perfectly normal.
C) The cell would accumulate relaxed DNA, which would make DNA replication and cell division highly disorganized and lead to cell death.
D) The cell would accumulate relaxed DNA, but otherwise it would be perfectly normal.
E) The cell would be unaffected because bacteria have many different topoisomerases that are involved in replication.

F) C) and D)
G) D) and E)

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Under normal cellular conditions, what is the diameter of the chromatin as it forms the solenoid structure?


A) 3 nm
B) 10 nm
C) 30 nm
D) 34 nm
E) 100 nm

F) A) and C)
G) D) and E)

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What molecular interaction allows histones to interact with DNA?

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positive c...

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You are trying to prepare a DNA karyotype, but this time you forgot to add trypsin to your chromosome preparation. What effect would you expect to see?


A) Dyes would stain the chromosomes darker because more proteins would be present to take up the dye.
B) Dyes would not stain the chromosomes as expected because proteins would not be removed from the chromatin and so would block the dye from accessing the DNA.
C) Chromosomes would not condense properly, so it would be very difficult to isolate individual chromosomes.
D) Chromosomes would be degraded quickly because the trypsin is necessary to promote DNA stability by adding more scaffold proteins to the chromatin.
E) The chromosomes would be more difficult to pair up because the trypsin acts as a dye, creating a banding pattern that distinguishes between chromosomes.

F) C) and D)
G) All of the above

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Karyotypes are a method for displaying chromosomes by grouping them into homologous pairs based on what two distinguishing factors?

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size and b...

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What is the diameter of a nucleosome?

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Nucleosomes are comprised of how many molecules of histones?

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If heterochromatic spreading encompasses the new location of the w+ gene, what phenotype will the cells have?

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white eyes

Active transcription occurs in regions of chromatin loops that are located __________.


A) near the MARS
B) a large distance away from the MARS
C) within the linker DNA
D) within the telomeres
E) within the euchromatin and constitutive heterochromatin

F) B) and E)
G) A) and E)

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What is the purpose of DNA supercoiling?

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nucleoid chromosomal compaction

The flies with variegated eye color had what abnormal chromosome structure?


A) X-chromosome inversion that moves the w+ gene to a different orientation on the chromosome in some cells following X-ray exposure
B) X-chromosome translocation that moves the w+ gene to a region of heterochromatin on another chromosome in some cells following X-ray exposure
C) a mutation in the w+ gene following X-ray exposure that causes the gene to be overexpressed in a tissue-specific manner
D) X-chromosome deletion that deleted the w+ gene in some cells following X-ray exposure
E) a mutation in a somatic chromosome that causes the w+ gene to be translocated to the X-chromosomes following X-ray exposure

F) C) and D)
G) C) and E)

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Which proteins would you target if you wanted to disrupt the chromosome superstructure for chromatin condensation that ultimately produces the characteristic shape of the metaphase chromosome?

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Archaea have histone proteins that are homologous to the histone proteins found in eukaryotes. Thus far, available evidence indicates that archaeal histone proteins play a role in which function?

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Histone proteins are the principal agents in chromatin packaging. The nucleosome core particle is a heterooctameric protein complex that contains two molecules each of the four histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. Describe the process of managing existing nucleosome core particles during replication and the process of adding these and new nucleosome core particles to DNA after the replication fork passes.

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The assembly of nucleosome core particle...

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A cell can form 10 nm chromatin fibers, but not 30 nm fibers. Which molecule has likely been removed or mutated in this cell?


A) H1
B) H2A
C) H3
D) topoisomerase
E) SMC proteins

F) C) and D)
G) A) and B)

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The DNA-protein complex that comprises eukaryotic chromosomes is called ________.

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If you want to prevent chromatin loops from being anchored to the chromosome scaffold, which regions of the DNA would you target?

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MARS (matr...

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How might a thermophilic bacterium use chromosome structure to protect against heat-induced DNA degradation?


A) It expresses excess amounts of SMC proteins that allow the DNA to more tightly condense during periods of high heat.
B) It can express a specialized topoisomerase that induces negative supercoiling, which provides additional chromosomal stability.
C) It expresses a specialized topoisomerase that induces positive supercoiling, which provides additional chromosomal stability.
D) It expresses enzymes that inhibit topoisomerase during high heat, which prevents DNA from unwinding and becoming susceptible to heat degradation.
E) It expresses helicase, an enzyme that nicks the DNA helix and allows it to assume a more stable conformation and thus to resist heat-induced degradation.

F) A) and B)
G) C) and E)

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C

The total amount of hereditary information in an entire set of chromosomes is collectively referred to as an organism's ________.

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Quinolones are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotics that specifically target topoisomerase. Explain how this contributes to cell death in bacteria. Would you expect these drugs to kill hyperthermophilic prokaryotes too? Why or why not?

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Supercoiled DNA exists naturally in circ...

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