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Exam 11: Control of Ventilation

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Question 21

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Which of the following statement are true regarding the use of hyperventilation in the management of patients with TBI? I.Hyperventilation is effective for only about 24 to 48 hours. II.Hyperventilating patients with TBI to a PaCO₂ less than 30 mm Hg increases the danger of cerebral ischemia. III.Every patient with TBI should be hyperventilated, at least during the first 24 hours. IV.Hyperventilation therapy should be considered only for patients with high ICPs.

A) II, III, IV
B) I, II, III, IV
C) II, IV
D) I, II, IV

E) All of the above
F) C) and D)

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Question 22

Multiple Choice

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Which of the following reflexes may be involved in periodic deep sighs and stimulating the first breaths of a newborn baby?

A) Hering-Breuer reflex
B) Head's reflex
C) Stretch reflex
D) Bötzinger reflex

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

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Question 23

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Which of the following statements describes apneusis?

Why are COPD patients with chronic hypercapnia unable to hyperventilate to decrease their PaCO₂?

Which of the following describes Biot's breathing?

How much does minute ventilation increase for each 1 mm Hg rise in PaCO₂?

Which of the following respiratory centers controls the length of inspiration?

What is the explanation for the minor importance of oxygen in controlling ventilation?

Which of the following events are feasible explanations for the oxygen-associated hypercapnia that sometimes affects patients who have severe COPD? I.Hypoxic stimulus removal II.Worsening of $\dot{V} / \dot{Q}$ relationships III.As PaO₂ increases, the slow reduction in PaCO₂ induces hypoventilation. IV.Shunt

Which of the following statements are true of the peripheral chemoreceptors? I.They account for only 20% to 30% of the ventilatory response to hypercapnia. II.Unlike the central chemoreceptors, the carotid bodies are directly exposed to arterial blood. III.The initial ventilatory response to metabolic acidosis is fairly quick. IV.They are the most important mechanisms that respond to hypercapnia.

Which of the following conditions produces the strongest stimulation of the J-receptors?

Which of the following conditions stimulate the chemoreceptors? I.Hypercapnia II.Acidemia III.Hypoxia IV.Alkalemia

What is the clinical importance of the periodic deep sighs during quiet breathing?

Which of the following mechanisms explains ventilatory stimulation caused by hypoxemia in COPD patients with moderate hypoxemia?

Which of the following patterns describes Cheyne-Stokes breathing?